Análisis de la utilidad del Clinical Risk Index for Babies por estratos de peso como predictor de muerte hospitalaria y de hemorragia intraventricular grave en la Red Neonatal Española SEN 1500 / Usefulness of Clinical Risk Index for Babies based on birth weight in predicting hospital death and severe intraventicular hemorrhage in the SEN 1500 Spanish neonatal network

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del CRIB (Clinical Risk Index for Babies) para predecir la muerte hospitalaria y la hemorragia intraventricular (HIV) grave en recién nacidos (RN) menores de 1.500g estratificados por grupos de peso en la Red Neonatal Española SEN 1500. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Se registraron datos de morbimortalidad, incluido el CRIB, en los RN menores de 1.500g de peso ingresados en 68 unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales desde enero de 2002 a diciembre de 2006. Se analizaron datos globales y datos estratificados por grupos de peso (inferior a 501g, entre 501 y 750g, entre 751 y 1.000g, entre 1.001 y 1.250g y entre 1.251 y 1.500g). Se procesaron modelos multivariados y se elaboraron curvas de eficacia diagnóstica ROC (receiver operating characteristics) para estimar el poder de predicción mediante el AUC (area under the curve ‘área bajo la curva’). Resultados: Se registraron datos de 10.608 pacientes, de los cuales 6.953 (65,5%) pesaron entre 1.001 y 1.500g, y 3.655 (34,5%) pesaron menos de 1.001g. La media de peso fue de 1.116g (desviación estándar [DE] de 267) y la media de edad gestacional fue de 29,5 semanas (DE de 2,9). El 34,3% fueron de bajo peso para la edad gestacional. Recibió corticoides prenatales el 78,2%. El 36% fueron partos múltiples. Se observaron casos de HIV grave en el 8,5%. La mortalidad global fue del 15,6%. Tanto las variables cualitativas (sexo y corticoides prenatales) como las cuantitativas (peso al nacer, edad gestacional e índice CRIB) resultaron significativas para los 2 desenlaces. El CRIB fue el mejor predictor de mortalidad en todos los estratos de peso (p<0,001), excepto en el intervalo de 501 a 750g en el que no se encontraron diferencias con la edad gestacional (p = 0,648). El peso presentó la menor AUC para todos los grupos, salvo en el de 1.251 a 1.500g, en el que no hubo diferencia entre peso y edad gestacional (p = 0,519).En la predicción de HIV grave, edad gestacional y CRIB presentaron capacidades discriminativas similares y mayores que el peso (p<0,001). Sólo en el grupo de 751 a 1.000g, la edad gestacional fue mejor predictora (p = 0,029). Conclusiones: El CRIB es el mejor predictor de muerte hospitalaria en los RN de peso inferior a 1.500g. En los RN de peso comprendido entre 501 y 750g, su capacidad de predicción es similar a la de la edad gestacional. El CRIB y la edad gestacional presentan capacidades predictivas similares de HIV grave en los RN menores de 1.500g. En los RN de peso comprendido entre 751 y 1.000g la edad gestacional es mejor predictora (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) in predicting hospital mortality and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight infants stratified by weight groups, in the Spanish neonatal network SEN 1500. Patients and methods: A prospective cohort study was made. Morbidity-mortality data and CRIB were collected in newborns weighing below 1500g and admitted to 68 neonatal intensive care units between January 2002 and December 2006. Data were analyzed globally and stratified by weight groups (<501g, 500–750g, 751–1000g, 1001–1250g, 1251–1500g). Multivariate models were generated and ROC curves were plotted for estimating predictive values. Results: A total of 10,608 patients were analyzed. The mean weight was 1116g (SD 267), and gestational age 29.5 weeks (SD 2.9). Low birth weight for gestational age was 34.3% and the multiple birth rate 36%. Prenatal corticoids were given in 78.2%. Severe intraventricular hemorrhage was diagnosed in 8.5%. Gender, prenatal corticoids, birth weight, gestational age and CRIB proved significant for the outcomes. CRIB showed the highest predictive accuracy in all strata (P<0.001) except in the 501–750g group, where it was similar to gestational age. Body weight showed the lowest AUC in all groups, except in the 1251–1500g group, where it was no different to gestational age. Gestational age and CRIB yielded greater AUC values than weight (P<0.001) in all groups. No significant differences were found between CRIB and gestational age, except in the 751–1000g group, where gestational age was greater (P=0.029). Conclusions: The CRIB is the best predictor among newborns below 1500g, except in the 501–750g group, where CRIB is similar to gestational age. Body weight is the worst predictor, except in the group 1251–1500g, where it is similar to gestational age. The accuracies of CRIB and gestational age in the prediction of IVH are similar, and both superior to body weight. This similarity persists in all the groups, except in the 751-1000g interval, where gestational age is a better predictor (AU)

[Usefulness of Clinical Risk Index for Babies based on birth weight in predicting hospital death and severe intraventicular hemorrhage in the SEN 1500 Spanish neonatal network]. / Análisis de la utilidad del Clinical Risk Index for Babies por estratos de peso como predictor de muerte hospitalaria y de hemorragia intraventricular grave en la Red Neonatal Española SEN 1500.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) in predicting hospital mortality and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight infants stratified by weight groups, in the Spanish neonatal network SEN 1500. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was made. Morbidity-mortality data and CRIB were collected in newborns weighing below 1500 g and admitted to 68 neonatal intensive care units between January 2002 and December 2006. Data were analyzed globally and stratified by weight groups (< 501 g, 500-750 g, 751-1000 g, 1001-1250 g, 1251-1500 g). Multivariate models were generated and ROC curves were plotted for estimating predictive values. RESULTS: A total of 10,608 patients were analyzed. The mean weight was 1116 g (SD 267), and gestational age 29.5 weeks (SD 2.9). Low birth weight for gestational age was 34.3% and the multiple birth rate 36%. Prenatal corticoids were given in 78.2%. Severe intraventricular hemorrhage was diagnosed in 8.5%. Gender, prenatal corticoids, birth weight, gestational age and CRIB proved significant for the outcomes. CRIB showed the highest predictive accuracy in all strata (P < 0.001) except in the 501-750 g group, where it was similar to gestational age. Body weight showed the lowest AUC in all groups, except in the 1251-1500 g group, where it was no different to gestational age. Gestational age and CRIB yielded greater AUC values than weight (P < 0.001) in all groups. No significant differences were found between CRIB and gestational age, except in the 751-1000 g group, where gestational age was greater (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The CRIB is the best predictor among newborns below 1500 g, except in the 501-750 g group, where CRIB is similar to gestational age. Body weight is the worst predictor, except in the group 1251-1500 g, where it is similar to gestational age. The accuracies of CRIB and gestational age in the prediction of IVH are similar, and both superior to body weight. This similarity persists in all the groups, except in the 751-1000 g interval, where gestational age is a better predictor.

[Review of standards and recommendations for the design of a neonatology unit]. / Revisión de los estándares y recomendaciones para el diseño de una unidad de neonatología.

Standards for the design of a neonatology unit are reviewed. The process should begin with a planning team to outline the desired objectives to be achieved, followed by the intervention of a team of architects. Medical considerations, standards and recommendations, as well as architectural considerations (adequate privacy and intimacy, need for social support and communication, flexibility and accessibility) should be taken into account. From the architectural point of view, the greatest problem is the space available; furthermore, if the aim is to personalize the unit for the newborn and family, the need for space will be even greater. The following aspects should be analyzed and integrated into the design of the unit: standards and recommendations regarding space, the site of the unit, area of direct neonatal care, electrical installation, equipment, lighting and noise levels, nursing staff, communication systems, maintenance and refurbishment.

Revisión de los estándares y recomendaciones para el diseño de una unidad de neonatología / Review of standards and recommendations for the design of a neonatology unit

Se revisan los estándares para el diseño de una unidad de neonatología. El proceso debe iniciarse con un equipo de planificación que debe indicar los objetivos que se desean conseguir, para que posteriormente intervenga el equipo de arquitectos. Se deben tener en cuenta las aportaciones médicas, los estándares y recomendaciones, y las aportaciones arquitectónicas (adecuada privacidad e intimidad, necesidad de apoyo social y comunicación, flexibilidad y accesibilidad). Desde el punto de vista arquitectónico, el mayor problema es el del espacio disponible, y debemos tener en cuenta que si queremos personalizar el entorno del cuidado para el recién nacido y su familia e introducir los cuidados centrados en la familia, las necesidades de espacio serán aún mayores. Se analizan los estándares y recomendaciones relativos al espacio, ubicación de la unidad, área de atención directa al neonato, instalación eléctrica, iluminación y nivel de ruido, equipamiento, personal de enfermería, sistemas de comunicaciones, mantenimiento y renovación

Standards for the design of a neonatology unit are reviewed. The process should begin with a planning team to outline the desired objectives to be achieved, followed by the intervention of a team of architects. Medical considerations, standards and recommendations, as well as architectural considerations (adequate privacy and intimacy, need for social support and communication, flexibility and accessibility) should be taken into account. From the architectural point of view, the greatest problem is the space available; furthermore, if the aim is to personalize the unit for the newborn and family, the need for space will be even greater. The following aspects should be analyzed and integrated into the design of the unit: standards and recommendations regarding space, the site of the unit, area of direct neonatal care, electrical installation, equipment, lighting and noise levels, nursing staff, communication systems, maintenance and refurbishment

Diagnóstico 'cronológico' en neonatología / Chronological diagnosis in neonatology

Una parte importante de la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal ocurre en los recién nacidos prematuros, especialmente en los de muy bajo peso. Los acontecimientos que pueden presentar estos niños suelen tener una secuencia temporal, y el conocimiento de las razones que los provocan permite al neonatólogo 'esperar' el problema antes de que ocurra, detectarlo de forma inmediata y, de esta forma, hacer más eficaz el tratamiento. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar esta secuencia temporal, las razones que la explican y algunas consideraciones terapéuticas al respecto. Obviamente, no pretendemos ser exhaustivos, pero sí didáctivos (formación de nuevos residentes en neonatología). Además, creemos que comprender esta idea tiene importantes implicaciones clínicas para todos los que asistimos a neonatos

A substantinal part of current routine practice in neonatology is focused on premature infants, especially those having a very low birth weight, the group associated with the highest rates of morbidity and mortality. The problems that these children may develop usually follow a temporal sequence. The knowledge of this common pattern enables the clinician to concentrate his attention on each predictable event as it occurs, aiding him in the diagnosis and the treatment of the patient. The aim of this paper is to describe this temporal pattern, the reasons that explain it and some considerations regarding treatment, for possible use as a tool in the training of residents in neonatology. We feel that the understanding of this issue has important implications for all the professionals involved in the care of newborn infants

Limitaciones de la procalcitonina como marcador único de sepsis neonatal de origen nosocomial / Limitations of procalcitonin as single marker of nosocomial neonatal sepsis

Introducción: Recientemente se ha sugerido que la procalcitonina (PCT) tiene capacidad discriminativa en el diagnóstico de sepsis neonatal. El objetivo de este estudio prospectivo multicéntrico es evaluar la utilidad de la PCT como marcador de sepsis neonatal de origen nosocomial. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyeron 100 neonatos con sospecha de sepsis nosocomial de entre 4 y 28 días de vida ingresados en los servicios de neonatología de 13 hospitales de tercer nivel de España durante un período de 1 año. Se midió la concentración de PCT mediante análisis inmunoluminométrico. Se calculó la eficacia diagnóstica de la PCT en el momento de la sospecha de infección, a las 12-24 h y a las 36-48 h. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 61 casos de sepsis nosocomial. Las concentraciones de PCT fueron superiores en los casos de sepsis nosocomial frente a los neonatos con sospecha de sepsis no confirmada. Los neonatos con sepsis por estafilococos coagulasa-negativos mostraron niveles de PCT más bajos que aquellos con sepsis nosocomial por otros agentes. Los puntos de corte óptimo para la PCT de acuerdo con las curvas ROC fueron 0,59 ng/mL en el momento de la sospecha de infección (sensibilidad 81,4%, especificidad 80,6%), 1,34 ng/mLa las 12-24 h (sensibilidad 73,7%, especificidad 80,6%) y 0,69 ng/mL a las 36-48 h (sensibilidad 86,5%, especificidad 72,7%) para el diagnóstico de sepsis de origen nosocomial. Conclusiones: La PCT mostró una moderada capacidad diagnóstica para la sepsis neonatal de origen nosocomial desde el momento de la sospecha de infección. Aunque por sí sola no sería suficientemente fiable, podría ser útil como parte de un chequeo de sepsis más completo (AU)

Background: It has recently been suggested that serum procalcitonin (PCT) is of value in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, with varying results. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to assess the usefulness of PCT as a marker of neonatal sepsis of nosocomial origin. Methods: One hundred infants aged between 4 and 28 days of life admitted to the Neonatology Services of 13 acutecare teaching hospitals in Spain over 1-year with clinical suspicion of neonatal sepsis of nosocomial origin were included in the study. Serum PCT concentrations were determined by a specific immunoluminometric assay. The reliability of PCT for the diagnosis of nosocomial neonatal sepsis at the time of suspicion of infection and at 12-24 h and 36-48 h after the onset of symptoms was calculated. Results: The diagnosis of nosocomial sepsis was confirmed in 61 neonates. Serum PCT concentrations were significantly higher at initial suspicion and at 12–24 h and 36- 48 h after the onset of symptoms in neonates with confirmed sepsis than in neonates with clinically suspected but not confirmed sepsis. Optimal PCT thresholds according to ROC curves were 0,59 ng/mL at the time of suspicion of sepsis (sensitivity 81,4%, specificity 80,6%); 1,34 ng/mL within 12-24 h of birth (sensitivity 73,7%, specificity 80,6%), and 0,69 ng/mL within 36-48 h of birth (sensitivity 86,5%, specificity 72,7%). Conclusions: Serum PCT concentrations showed a moderate diagnostic reliability for the detection of nosocomial neonatal sepsis from the time of suspicion of infection. PCT is not sufficiently reliable to be the sole marker of sepsis, but would be useful as part of a full sepsis evaluation (AU)

Controversias en el manejo terapéutico de la hernia diafragmática congénita: actualización a través de la medicina basada en pruebas / Controversies in the therapeutical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: update by means of evidence-based medicine

Introducción. La hernia diafragmática congénita (HDC) es una enfermedad de alto riesgo en cirugía neonatal. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una actualización sobre las controversias terapéuticas (momento de la cirugía y estabilización médica) de la HDC, por medio de una revisión sistemática y crítica de las mejores pruebas científicas de la literatura. Métodos. Revisión sistemática y estructurada de los artículos relacionados con el manejo terapéutico de la HDC (cirugía, ventilación mecánica, óxido nítrico inhalado, oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea, surfactante, etc.) publicados en fuentes de información secundaria (TRIPdatabase, revisiones sistemáticas de la Colaboración Cochrane, guías de práctica clínica, informes de evaluación de tecnología sanitaria, etc.) y primaria (bases de datos, revistas biomédicas, libros de texto, etc.) y valoración crítica por medio de la metodología del Evidence- Based Medicine Working Group. Seleccionamos las publicacionescon la mejor evidencia científica en artículos sobre tratamiento (ensayo clínico, revisión sistemática, metaanálisis y guías de práctica clínica). Resultados. La principal información secundaria se detecta en The Cochrane Library: 3 revisiones sistemáticas en Neonatal Group (una en relación con el momento de la cirugía, y dos relacionadas con el uso de óxido nítrico y oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea en el fracaso respiratorio grave del recién nacido). Pero la mayoría de los artículos relevantes se detectan en la base de datos Pubmed, principalmente publicados en Journal Pediatric Surgery y con determinados grupos de investigación (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group en la Universidad de Texas y Buffalo Institute of Fetal Therapy en la Universidad de New York). Conclusiones. A partir del análisis de la medicina basada en pruebas, los resultados sobre el manejo de la HDC no fueron claros entre la cirugía precoz y tardía, pero la cirugía diferida (con estabilización preoperatoria) se ha convertido en el manejo preferido en la mayoría de los centros, así como que la cirugía fetal in utero no ofrece ventajas sobre la cirugía neonatal. La opinión respecto al tiempo adecuado de la cirugía ha cambiado gradualmente desde la intervención precoz a la estabilización inicial con posterior cirugía. Debido a la hipertensión pulmonar persistente y/o hipoplasia pulmonar en la HDC, el tratamiento médico se ha focalizado hacia la optimización de la oxigenación evitando el barotrauma, utilizando ventilación «suave» e hipercapnia permisiva. La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria, óxido nítrico inhalado y oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea, se utilizarán en casos graves, pero estos tratamientos no mejoran claramente el pronóstico en recién nacidos con HDC. La utilidad de surfactante y ventilación líquida parcial se fundamentan en estudios de experimentación animal, debido a que los ensayos clínicos en neonatos son escasos y no concluyentes. Los cambios de futuro en esta área de estudio incluyen la necesidad de mayores y mejores ensayos clínicos, que incluyan efectos a largo plazo entre los niños supervivientes (AU)

Introduction. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is one of the high-risk diseases in neonatal surgery. The aim of this article is to make an update of the controversies about the therapeutic management (time of surgery and modalities of medical stabilization) of CDH, by means of a systematic and critical review of the best scientific evidence in bibliography. Methods. Systematic and structured review of the articles about therapeutic management of CDH (surgery, mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, surfactant, etc) published in secondary (TRIPdatabase, systematic review in Cochrane Collaboration, clinical practice guidelines, health technology assessment database, etc) and primary (bibliographic databases, biomedical journals, books, etc) publications and critical appraisal by means of methodology of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. We selected the publications with the main scientific evidence in therapeutical articles (clinical trial, systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical practice guideline). Results. The main secondary information is found in The Cochrane Library: 3 systematic review in the Neonatal Group (one specific about the time of surgery, and two related to the use of nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonatal severe respiratory failu-re). But we found the main relevant articles in Pubmed database, mainly published in Journal Pediatric Surgery and with some clusters of investigation (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group in Texas University and Buffalo Institute of Fetal Therapy in New York University). Conclusions. From the evidence-based analysis, the results of CDH management between immediate versus delayed surgery were unclear, but delayed surgical (with pre-operative stabilization) has become preferred approach in many centers, and foetal surgery is not better than neonatal one. Opinion regarding the time of surgery has gradually shifted from early repair to a policy of stabilization and delayed repair. Because of associated persistent pulmonary hypertension and/or pulmonary hypoplasia in CDH, medical therapy is focused toward optimizing oxygenation while avoiding barotrauma, using gentle ventilation and permissive hypercarbia. High frequency oscillatory ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are used in severe cases, but these treatments do not clearly improve the outcome in neonates with CDH. The usefulness of surfactant and partial liquid ventilation are based in animal model experimentation, because the clinical trials in newborns are little and non-conclusive. Challenges for the future in this thematic area include the need for bigger and better trials of therapy in this field, with long-term outcomes among surviving children (AU)

Diagnóstico diferido de hernia diafragmática congénita derecha tras sepsis por «Streptococcus» del grupo B / Delayed diagnosis of right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia following group B streptococcal sepsis

Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido atendido en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Regional Universitario «Carlos Haya» por sepsis y enfermedad respiratoria, que desarrolló coagulopatía y shock en los primeros días, por lo que se le instauró antibioticoterapia y ventilación mecánica. La bronconeumonía inicial cursó con derrame pleural e imágenes persistentemente alteradas del hemidiafragma derecho. Al final y mediante ecografía, se estableció el diagnóstico de hernia diafragmática congénita derecha. Una vez superado el problema infeccioso, fue intervenido quirúrgicamente con éxito

We present the case of a newborn, treated in our unit for sepsis and respiratory disease. In his first few days of life, he developed coagulopathy and shock, requiring antibiotics and mechanical ventilation. The initial bronchopneumonia was associated with pleural effusion, and the imaging studies repeatedly revealed a defect in right hemidiaphragm that proved to be a congenital diaphragmatic hernia on ultrasound. Once the infection resolved, surgical repair was successfully performed

[Controversies in the therapeutical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: update by means of evidence-based medicine]. / Controversias en el manejo terapéutico de la hernia diafragmática congenita: actualización a través de la medicina basada en pruebas.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is one of the high-risk diseases in neonatal surgery. The aim of this article is to make an update of the controversies about the therapeutic management (time of surgery and modalities of medical stabilization) of CDH, by means of a systematic and critical review of the best scientific evidence in bibliography. METHODS: Systematic and structured review of the articles about therapeutic management of CDH (surgery, mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, surfactant, etc) published in secondary (TRIPdatabase, systematic review in Cochrane Collaboration, clinical practice guidelines, health technology assessment database, etc) and primary (bibliographic databases, biomedical journals, books, etc) publications and critical appraisal by means of methodology of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. We selected the publications with the main scientific evidence in therapeutical articles (clinical trial, systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical practice guideline). RESULTS: The main secondary information is found in The Cochrane Library: 3 systematic review in the Neonatal Group (one specific about the time of surgery, and two related to the use of nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonatal severe respiratory failure). But we found the main relevant articles in Pubmed database, mainly published in Journal Pediatric Surgery and with some clusters of investigation (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group in Texas University and Buffalo Institute of Fetal Therapy in New York University). CONCLUSIONS: From the evidence-based analysis, the results of CDH management between immediate versus delayed surgery were unclear, but delayed surgical (with pre-operative stabilization) has become preferred approach in many centers, and foetal surgery is not better than neonatal one. Opinion regarding the time of surgery has gradually shifted from early repair to a policy of stabilization and delayed repair. Because of associated persistent pulmonary hypertension and/or pulmonary hypoplasia in CDH, medical therapy is focused toward optimizing oxygenation while avoiding barotrauma, using gentle ventilation and permissive hypercarbia. High frequency oscillatory ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are used in severe cases, but these treatments do not clearly improve the outcome in neonates with CDH. The usefulness of surfactant and partial liquid ventilation are based in animal model experimentation, because the clinical trials in newborns are little and non-conclusive. Challenges for the future in this thematic area include the need for bigger and better trials of therapy in this field, with long-term outcomes among surviving children.

El gran prematuro / No disponible

No disponible

Ectopia cordis torácica no asociada a cardiopatía / Thoracic ectopia cordis

No disponible

Early onset neonatal sepsis due to Neisseria meningitidis B.

The onset of meningococcal infection in the first 72 hours after birth has only been reported on a few occasions; The authors describe a case where it was confirmed that the bacteria responsible, Neisseria meningitidis group B, grew in the newborn's blood and in the mother's lochia. The transmission mechanisms are also reviewed.

Percutaneous catheter use in newborn infants with parenteral nutrition.

The well known negative effect of infection on nutrition causes the cycle 'infection-malnutrition-infection'. Prolonged parenteral nutrition requires central venous catheterization. Due to the possibility of 'catheter related sepsis' (CRS) catheters should be used correctly to avoid septic complications. A very high percentage of central venous catheters (CVC) removed because of presumed infections are not infected when culture is done. In some patients infections are successfully treated with antibiotics without catheter removal. Removal of the line is recommended when catheter-associated sepsis is suspected or proven, but not for the extremely ill preterm infant or when such removal may be impractical. A therapeutic protocol is suggested to avoid future canalizations in the neonate, sometimes in a critical situation. Current literature referring to CRS in the newborn infant is reviewed.